According to 2018 guidelines developed by the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle that increases energy expenditure above a basal level.1,2 Everyone performs physical activity to sustain life, but the duration, amount, and intensity depends on the activity and personal choice.3,4
Exercise is defined as a form of physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive, and performed with the goal of improving health or physical fitness.1,2 Exercise is a type of physical activity, but not all physical activity is considered exercise.3
Physical fitness is defined as the ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness without undue fatigue and with ample energy to enjoy leisure-time pursuits and respond to emergencies.1 Physical fitness is composed of the five categories: cardiorespiratory fitness, musculoskeletal fitness, flexibility, balance, and speed. Because of this, conditioning and sports activities are considered exercise more often than daily activities such as household or occupational activities.3 However, if household or occupational activities are executed in a manner that centers physical fitness by planning and structuring tasks to develop muscular strength and be labor producing, then these activities can also be considered exercise.
Physical activity is been divided into four broad categories: aerobic activity, also called endurance activity or cardio activity; muscle-strengthening activity; bone-strengthening activity; balance activity; and flexibility activity.1 Research has shown that regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity produces the greatest health benefits. Examples of moderate physical activity include walking briskly, playing tennis, or raking leaves. Examples of vigorous physical activity include jogging, running, carrying heavy groceries upstairs, shoveling snow, or participating in a strenuous fitness class.
References
- Piercy KL, Troiano RP, Ballard RM, et al. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2018.
- England BR. 2022 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for Exercise, Rehabilitation, Diet, and Additional Integrative Interventions for Rheumatoid Arthritis. American College of Rheumatology. 2023;75
- Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep. Mar-Apr 1985;100(2):126-31.
- Singh R, Pattisapu A, Emery MS. US Physical Activity Guidelines: Current state, impact and future directions. Trends Cardiovasc Med. Oct 2020;30(7):407-412. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2019.10.002